J Dent Educ. 69(9): 1034-1044 2005
© 2005 American Dental Education Association
Expansion of Dental Benefits Under the Medicare Advantage Program
Robert D. Compton, D.D.S.
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Abstract
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Uninsured older adults are twice as likely to not receive needed dental care as their insured counterparts. Yet, nearly one-third of older adults have untreated dental caries, and older adults are more likely to have complete tooth loss, periodontal disease, and oral cancer. Moreover, persons sixty-five and older had the lowest percentage of individuals with dental insurance and the highest average out-of-pocket expenses of all persons with a dental visit in 2000. Given that retiree health benefits for large companies have declined from 66 percent in 1988 to 38 percent in 2003, it is unlikely that the private sector will increase funding for dental benefits for the elderly. However, some Medicare managed care plans already cover either preventive or comprehensive dental benefits. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 created incentives for Medicare managed care plans to offer beneficiaries additional benefits, including dental. The First Seniority Dental Plan, described in this article, demonstrates that it is possible to create a dental plan that is affordable for the HMO, reimburses providers at reasonable rates, provides a reduction in costs to Medicare beneficiaries, and may present a method to expand dental benefits for elders of the future.
Few things are as important to quality of life as our health. However, in the United States, individuals without health insurance are less likely to receive the health care they need. This relationship also holds true for dental insurance and is a contributing factor to oral health.1 For older adults, the impact of this association is substantial since those sixty-five and older have the lowest percentage of individuals with dental insurance based on age (Figure 1
). Moreover, nearly one-third of the elderly have untreated dental caries and, in general, are more likely to suffer from severe conditions like edentulism, periodontal disease, and oral cancer.2
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Figure 1. Percent with a dental visit in last year, by age groups, education, and income factors, United States, 1995
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Despite the low availability of dental insurance in the elderly population, it appears that these individuals still continue to value oral health in that a significant proportion of the elderly uninsured visited a dentist in 1995 (Figure 1
).3 The impact of this can be seen in the fact that this population had the highest mean out-of-pocket expense per person for those who had a dental visit in 2000 (Table 1).4 While the mean out-of-pocket costs for all persons having a dental visit was $237 in the United States in 2000, the mean out-of-pocket costs for those sixty-five and older was $400, and for those with only Medicare coverage it was $550. For the elderly as a whole and for elders with only Medicare (Medicare does not cover dental care), these self-paid dental care costs translated to 76.7 percent and 86.8 percent of the total cost of care, respectively. Self-paid dental care costs were only 49.3 percent for the population as a whole.
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Table 1. Dental visits, expenses, and source of payments by selected population characteristics, United States, 2000
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Private dental insurance in the United States is associated with employment benefits, and few employers provide dental benefits for retirees. This is not likely to change, since several studies5–9 have demonstrated that the trend for employer-paid medical health insurance for retirees has steadily declined. Kaiser reported that retiree benefit offerings from companies with 200 or more employees declined from 66 percent in 1988 to 38 percent in 2003.5 Only 10 percent of firms smaller than 200 workers offered them in 2003. If employers are not going to provide a benefit, then the challenge becomes identifying a source of funding for the elderly that spreads the risk across larger populations. It is unlikely that in the near future any one source or solution will provide the answer to this problem. However, one such limited program already exists. It would be worthwhile to study this approach and explore whether it could be expanded to include more people. That program is the inclusion of dental benefits under the Medicare Advantage program (Medicare+Choice prior to 2004).
This article will present information on the Medicare Advantage program in general and more specific details about one such program known as the First Seniority Dental Plan that existed up until 2001. It will present information about the sponsoring organization, development of the benefit plan, which populations could be covered, benefit plan type, the level of care covered, premium payments, out-of-pocket costs to beneficiaries, annualized costs to beneficiaries, advantages and disadvantages, and some concluding remarks.
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Sponsoring Organization
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The first issue that needs to be addressed when proposing a health plan is that of financing. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s International Classification for Health Accounts,10 there are three sources of financing: 1) private social health insurance; 2) social security (organized and controlled by government for the population at large); and 3) other health insurance corporations (mainly individual contracts). In the United States, medical coverage through social security accounts is available through Medicare and Medicaid programs administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
Medicare is a federal program of health care coverage provided pursuant to title XVIII of the Social Security Act of 1965.11 It has two parts: Part A and Part B. Part A, which is also referred to as Hospital Insurance (HI), is compulsory and includes in-patient hospital stays, posthospitalization care in skilled nursing homes, and in-hospital but not out-patient drugs. Part B, also known as Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI), is voluntary and includes doctors’ services, outpatient hospital care, durable medical equipment, and some other medical services not covered in Part A. Medicare beneficiaries in traditional Medicare can purchase Part B coverage through Medigap for a monthly premium of $78.20 in 2005, which represents a 17 percent increase (the largest in Medicare’s forty-year history) from the $66.60 charged in 2004. Dental services are specifically excluded from Part A in Section 1862. Even Part B excludes dental from traditional Medicare if it is "a primary service (regardless of cause or complexity) provided for the care, treatment, removal, or replacement of teeth or structures directly supporting teeth, e.g., preparation of the mouth for dentures, removal of diseased teeth in an infected jaw."12
In 1972, prepaid medical programs were added to Medicare but few people joined them. However, following the 1970s health care crisis, when the medical Consumer Price Index (CPI) was increasing from 8 to 12 percent per year, Congress passed the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 and created incentives for more beneficiaries to choose HMOs over traditional fee-for-service Medicare. The government offered to pay participating HMOs on a risk basis at 95 percent of the average Medicare per capita fee-for-service costs in their respective counties.13 Since managed care plans had lower costs than fee-for-service plans, the HMOs were expected to use the excess payment to attract more beneficiaries by either providing additional benefits or lowering the beneficiary’s cost-sharing. The HMOs ended up attracting healthier enrollees who were less expensive to serve than traditional Medicare.14 Since HMOs were reimbursed based on the average per capita fee-for-service costs for all beneficiaries and not for similarly healthy beneficiaries, the HMO enrollees actually cost Medicare more than if they had been in traditional Medicare.
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 created the Medicare+Choice program in the hope of correcting this overpayment while further expanding participation in private managed care plans. That year the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) forecast that 22 percent of eligible Medicare beneficiaries would be in private plans by 2001.15 However, the number of beneficiaries in managed care stood at about 11 percent in 2003. This happened because the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 created new payment formulas that typically limited urban Medicare+Choice plans to a 2 percent per year increase during a time when their health inflation trends were increasing by double digits.16 As a result, many of the HMOs experienced financial difficulties and began either exiting the program or greatly cutting back on the additional benefits not mandated by Medicare. This affected 328,000 Medicare+Choice enrollees in 2000 and 925,000 enrollees in 2001.17 This was part of the reason for the discontinuation of the First Seniority Dental Plan in Massachusetts.
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 corrected the reimbursement formulas. Specifically, Title II Medicare Advantage replaced Medicare+Choice in an attempt to modernize and revitalize the private sector plans under Medicare, in the hope of again expanding enrollment in private plans. Medicare-eligible individuals can now choose between the traditional Medicare Plan (sometimes referred to as the fee-for-service plan) and four types of Medicare Advantage Plans offered by private companies: Medicare Managed Care Plans; Medicare Private Fee-for-Service Plans; Medicare Preferred Provider Organization Plans (PPOs are a new player in this market); and Medicare Specialty Plans. The CBO in December 2003 projected that this change would increase Medicare costs by $14 billion over what it would cost to provide traditional Medicare during the next decade.18 Biles et al. have calculated that Medicare will pay private plans an average of "$546 more for each of the 5 million Medicare enrollees in managed care" in 2005 than they would have paid in traditional fee-for-service for those same individuals.19 Their study found that "extra payments per enrollee range from more than $1,500 in Hawaii, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon and Wisconsin to less than $200 in Florida, Nevada and Texas." Furthermore, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 explicitly increases Medicare costs in these private plans through at least 2013.
There will be many competing ideas about what to do with that excess payment. Some plans will want to reduce the out-of-pocket expense for premiums to beneficiaries in order to attract more customers. Others may add new benefits. In the past, Medicare+Choice plans added such benefits as physical exams (91.8 percent of Medicare+Choice plans), vision exams (86.6 percent), prescription drugs (67.3 percent), hearing exams (66.4 percent), and preventive dental benefits (29.0 percent) to their standard packages at no additional cost to members (Table 2).20 An opportunity exists to expand the Part B dental benefits to more Medicare Advantage plans and beneficiaries.
The First Seniority Dental Plan was created by the addition of a dental benefit to the Medicare+Choice plan offered by a Massachusetts HMO (Harvard Pilgrim Health Care). The medical HMO subcontracted the administration of the dental HMO (DHMO) to a dental benefit administrator, Delta Dental Plan of Massachusetts. It was discontinued in 2001 by the HMO—in part, due to cuts in payments made by Congress.
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Plan Development
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Although the First Seniority Dental Plan was discontinued in 2001, many Medicare managed care plans offer dental care. Of the managed care plans, 29 percent already provide preventive dental care as part of their standard benefit package, and 11.1 percent provide it for an additional monthly premium.20 Comprehensive dental care is offered by 9.4 percent of plans under their standard package, and 9.1 percent provide it for an additional monthly premium (Table 2). The number of participating managed care plans peaked in 1998 at 34621 and had declined to 145 plans as of February 2004.
Population Covered
The Medicare program covers approximately forty-one million Americans who are aged sixty-five or older, certain disabled people under age sixty-five, and individuals with End-Stage Renal Disease, which is a permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or kidney transplant. According to CMS, almost 61 percent of beneficiaries lived in an area where they could enroll in a Medicare managed care plan in 2002, down from 74 percent in 1998,22 and about 20 percent have already done so, comprising roughly 11 percent of the total Medicare population. The Medicare managed care population peaked in 2000 at about 6.5 million and has declined to about 4.6 million by 2003 (Figure 2). However, enrollment has increased every month since plans began receiving increased funding in March 2004.
At the height of the First Seniority Dental Plan, there were approximately 65,000 members. The population was 56 percent female and 44 percent male. The age distribution for those members who were reported as using the benefit in 1997 was as follows: age sixty-five to seventy years, 43 percent; age seventy-one to seventy-five, 31 percent; age seventy-six to eighty, 14 percent; age eighty-one to eighty-five, 9 percent; and age eighty-six and over, 3 percent. Medicare beneficiaries who enrolled in the HMO’s medical plan were automatically enrolled in the dental plan. Their legal dependents were not covered under the beneficiary’s benefits but may have been eligible independently as a beneficiary.
Plan Type
The program offered by the First Seniority Dental Plan was a comprehensive dental HMO that reimbursed providers in a closed panel network using a modified capitation methodology. The reimbursement included a monthly capitation payment based on a per-member (beneficiary) per-month rate plus member copayments for specific procedures (Table 3). In addition, the dental administrator provided a stop-loss to ensure that providers were not negatively impacted by adverse selection.
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Table 3. Top 20 procedures First Seniority Dental (FSD) members received in terms of total costs using 1997 median dental fees.
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The program required that all eligible members be assigned to a primary care dentist in the closed panel network. Members were given an opportunity to select a primary care dentist at the initial enrollment event. Those who did not actively choose a primary care dentist were assigned to the closest provider to their home address and were notified of the assignment. Members had an opportunity to change primary care dentists once a month. Assigning all members to primary care dentists and disbursing all capitation funds were important, since using a capitated reimbursement mechanism shifted financial risk to the primary care dentists.
The medical HMO negotiated a per-member per-month administrative fee with the dental administrator and a separate treatment per-member per-month rate to be paid to the primary care dentists. The primary care dentists could choose Option A and receive a monthly capitated amount that included payment for covered specialty procedures. Or they could choose Option B and have the specific specialty procedures carved out for referral and receive a lower monthly capitated amount. The dental administrator created a risk pool for specialty care under Option B for members of dental offices who chose to refer specialty care. In 1997 the monthly per-member per-month for Option A was $4.37 and Option B was $3.93. If the member was covered under Medicaid, he or she would be classified as "Dually Entitled" and a higher monthly capitated amount under each option would be paid. Because few state Medicaid programs still cover adults, this article will not examine that aspect of the First Seniority Dental Plan.
The dental administrator’s stop-loss program guaranteed the primary care dentist a minimum hourly rate of compensation for services rendered to protect the provider from adverse selection. This program used a "relative-time unit" to determine the number of hours expended in providing treatment to members (Table 3). The administrator then guaranteed that the dentist’s hourly rate would not drop below $110 per chair-hour in 1997. The hourly rate was determined by using data from the American Dental Association’s survey on dentists’ income for the New England region. The average hourly rate was calculated by dividing the average annual gross revenue by the average number of hours worked in a year. It was assumed that the average dentist worked out of two chairs. The average chair-hour revenue was calculated by dividing the average hourly rate by two. This was the amount that each dental chair needed to generate in order to reach the dentist’s annual gross revenue.
The stop-loss guarantee was designed to not only protect dentists from adverse selection but also to encourage dental offices to submit utilization data. Since the insurance portion of the patient’s liability was a prepaid, fixed monthly capitation payment, there was little incentive for dentists to submit utilization data. The stop-loss was calculated on a quarterly basis. In 1997, of the 177 primary care dental billing sites (includes group practices that had several dentists but submitted claim forms as one billing office), only five offices did not average the guaranteed $110 per chair-hour. The guarantee was evaluated and adjusted annually and reached $125 per chair-hour by 2000.
Excluding offices that did not submit utilization data as well as offices that averaged $400 or more per hour, the average chair-hour revenue for dental offices was $227 in 1997. Dental offices reported in 1997 that only 33 percent of eligible members received some services and that eventually increased to about 45 percent by 2000. In 1997, 14.1 percent of the dentists who had 4.5 percent of the members did not submit any utilization data despite the provider stop-loss program. It is also doubtful that the dental offices that averaged over $400 per chair-hour were reporting all the services that their members received.
Level of Care Covered
The level of benefits, exclusions, and limitations were similar to most commercially available dental HMO (DHMO) plans except that fixed and removable prostheses required a continuous twelvemonth waiting period for replacement of existing prostheses. The First Seniority Dental Plan members’ utilization patterns were similar to other commercial DHMO groups except they tended to have resin restorations rather than amalgam; more castings and removable and fixed prostheses; and oral surgery (Table 4). In addition, in order to be reimbursed, all treatment had to be provided by the primary care dentist, referred by the primary care dentist to a participating specialist, or be a covered emergency service. Certain procedures required pretreatment review and could be limited to the least costly, professionally acceptable treatment that met the needs of the patient. If members chose the more expensive alternative, they were responsible for the difference in benefit costs.
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Table 4. Utilization profile of the First Seniority Dental (FSD) Medicare population compared to a commercial DHMO in 1997
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With respect to coverage provided by Medicare Advantage Plans in 2004, those that provided preventive dental benefits typically allowed for one or two examinations per year, two dental prophylaxes, and one set of x-rays as part of the Preventive Package.
Program Costs
Premium Payments.
The dental premium for the First Seniority Dental Plan was a carve-out of the monthly medical premium received by the HMO from the federal government. The annual payment per member per year from the medical HMO to the dental administrator from 1997 to 2001 was $66. This included the administrative fee to the dental plan administrator as well as capitation payments to the primary care dentists for providing care to members. The members were automatically enrolled in the dental benefit with no additional monthly premium to them. Although the premium for a typical DHMO in 1997 was double this rate, this was offset by member copayments that were double those of the typical DHMO (Table 3). The annual premium from the HMO did not increase from 1997 to 2001, when the program was discontinued. This price trend was consistent with premium trends at a national level that rose from $143.52 annually in 1997 to $148.32 in 2001.23
Although the CMS website provides some information about the managed care plans offering dental benefits, it does not provide information about actual beneficiary premium costs related to the dental benefit for the 11.1 percent and 9.1 percent of Medicare Advantage plans that charge members a premium for preventive and comprehensive benefits, respectively.
Out-of-Pocket Costs to Participants.
Because the First Seniority Dental Plan was discontinued in 2001, detailed financial information about member out-of-pocket costs exists for only 1997. Since the First Seniority Dental Plan did not have any member premium contribution or any deductibles, the out-of-pocket costs were limited to member copayments and noncovered services. A copayment grid provided to members and network providers experienced only minor changes from 1997 to 2001. The member copayments accounted for 40.7 percent and the monthly capitation payment accounted for 59.3 percent of the payments made to primary care dentists in 1997. These copayments, based on utilization patterns and median fees charged by dentists, represented, on average, a 59 percent reduction in cost for members with a range of 39 percent (adjunctive services) to 82 percent (diagnostic services) (Table 4).
Even with this discount, the combination of copayments, monthly capitation payments, and stop-loss payments reimbursed dentists at about 88 percent of the median fees for the services provided (Table 5). This high reimbursement percentage was achieved mainly because all members were assigned and all capitation funds disbursed to participating dentists, whether the member used the benefit or not (except for money held in the risk pool for specialty referrals from dentists participating in Option B).
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Table 5. Analysis of dentists’ revenue for offices submitting utilization data for First Seniority Dental (FSD) members in 1997
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Services that were not covered benefits, such as cosmetic dentistry, could be charged to the member at the dentist’s usual fee. Any service that was not performed or referred by the member’s primary care dentist, or that was listed in the Exclusions and Limitations sections, was not covered and could be charged to the member at the dentist’s usual fee.
The CMS website provides information about projected out-of-pocket expenses for both dental benefits and total costs for all out-of-pocket expenses (Table 6).24 The three Florida Medicare Advantage plans that provided more comprehensive care had out-of-pocket monthly projections for dental care ranging from $1.61 to $3.65 per month. Those plans that provided only limited preventive benefits had monthly dental out-of-pocket cost projections ranging from $16.10 to $20.91.
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Table 6. Out-of-pocket expenses (in dollars) for six South Florida Medicare Advantage plans that offer dental benefits.
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Annualized Costs for Participants
From 1997 to 2001 the per-member per-month payment from the medical HMO to the dental administrator was $5.50, which equaled $66 per member per year. This covered the administrative costs as well as treatment costs for the members. The members’ costs in terms of copayments for services rendered averaged $118.82 per year for those members reported as using the benefit (Table 5), which equated to a 59 percent fee reduction from median fees charged by dentists in 1997. This compared to $380 for those with only Medicare and $292 for those who had Medicare and other private insurance in 1997.4
Advantages
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 has created financial incentives for private managed care companies to enroll more Medicare beneficiaries in the belief that doing so will better control costs in the long term. Medicare paid managed care plans about 108 percent of the amount that would have been paid to traditional Medicare programs for the average enrolled beneficiary in 2003. When you consider the fact that managed care plans are treating healthier patients, they are actually being paid about 116 percent more.16 That is a significant increase in payment over the fee-for-service cost of care. In addition, CMS added another 2.3 percent and 4.0 percent in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Thus, these managed care plans have additional revenue available to offer additional benefits to attract more beneficiaries. Over 40 percent of the Medicare Advantage plans already offer preventive dental benefits, and 18.5 percent offer comprehensive dental care.20 Although a good start, it is far less than the 88 percent that offer vision exams or the 66.6 percent that offer hearing exams.
Given that the average annual out-of-pocket expense per Medicare beneficiary who visited a dentist in 2000 was $550 (Table 1), a dental benefit might be an attractive enticement to join a private Medicare Advantage plan. A plan similar to the First Seniority Dental Plan offered in Massachusetts could be relatively inexpensive and could be designed as a capitated plan or a reduced-fee PPO plan. Since Medicare Advantage plans are being expanded to include PPOs in 2006, there could be increased competition to attract these individuals. Underwriters can easily design a program that will meet the financial needs of any medical plan administrator and still provide the beneficiaries with a significant reduction in the cost of care.
Disadvantages
The biggest disadvantages are the limited number of private managed care plans participating in Medicare, the low number of Medicare beneficiaries participating in them, the low percentage of Medicare Advantage plans offering dental benefits, and the limited geographic access for these plans. The Pacific region has, by far, the largest penetration of managed care plans, followed by the Mid-Atlantic region (Figure 3).25 Only seven states had more than 20 percent of their Medicare population in HMOs in 2003: Rhode Island (32.5 percent), California (31.3 percent), Nevada (28.4 percent), Arizona (27.2 percent), Oregon (24.3 percent), Pennsylvania (23.6 percent), and Colorado (22.3 percent).19 Twenty-five states had less than 5 percent.
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Figure 3. Number of Medicare HMO members by region and the percentage of total members that are in MA plans
Source: Managed care digest series 2004: HMO-PPO/Medicare-Medicaid Digest Vol. 8. Bridgewater, NJ: Aventis, 2004.
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With respect to the number of HMOs participating in Medicare, only 161 of the 481 operating nationwide did so in 2003, down from the 346 plans in 1998.25 In addition, two-thirds of Medicare beneficiaries are now enrolled in just ten national managed care plans, due in part to industry consolidation.26 However, this could be an advantage if any of those ten plans that have not already added dental benefits should decide to do so for all members in all regions. Furthermore, membership in all Medicare HMOs has declined for four straight years from a high of 6.5 million in 2000 to 4.6 million by 2003. However, membership has been growing steadily every month since the effect of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 increased reimbursement beginning in March 2004.
The projected large federal deficits for the next several years may be a challenge to this model. Health care costs from 2004 to 2013 are projected to increase at a significantly greater rate (87 percent) than the Consumer Price Index (26 percent) or the Gross Domestic Product (33 percent).27 CMS has projected that Medicare expenditures for the federal government from 2004 to 2013 will increase by 80 percent and that Medicaid costs will increase by 115 percent. Among the subcategories of Personal Health Care, Dental Services has the lowest projected cost increase (62 percent) and is significantly lower than such subcategories as Drugs (150 percent) and Retail Outlet Sales of Medical Products (131 percent).27 Although projected increases in private dental costs will be relatively low at 59 percent, projected federal and state/local government increases at 84 and 86 percent, respectively, will be high. Again, Medicaid with a projected increase of 100 percent is the culprit.
Whether Medicare Advantage plans will consider dental benefits a good way to attract more beneficiaries, or whether beneficiaries themselves view dental as the most pressing financial need, is unknown. In 1999 the average out-of-pocket expense per eligible beneficiary for dental was only $189 (includes those who didn’t visit a dentist) compared to $396 for prescription drugs and $774 for long-term care.28 Considering that the federal government recently raised the beneficiary premiums 17 percent for Part B from $66.60 to $78.20 per month or $938 per year, both the managed care plans and the beneficiaries may find it more attractive to subsidize those costs. Even the out-of-pocket cost for physician/supplier expense ($340) is almost double that of dental. Dental may not be something that beneficiaries demand.
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Conclusion
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As noted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, there are only three sources of financing for health care: 1) private social health insurance; 2) social security (organized and controlled by government for the population at large); and 3) other health insurance corporations (mainly individual contracts). Based on historical trends and surveys of employers, it is expected that private social health insurance plans will not be expanding to include more retirees. With respect to individual contracts, there are practically no individual insured products in dentistry. There are some discount cards available to individuals, and there are some groups that aggregate individuals in a non-employment relationship. For example, the American Association of Retired People has a group plan with Delta Dental Insurance Company (a subsidiary of Delta Dental Plan of California). Individuals can purchase private dental insurance through the group. However, it is not available everywhere and can be expensive. For example, the annual premium for Plan A for an individual in Atlanta, Georgia was $556.20.29 The third option, government sponsored benefits, is already a viable program in many Medicare Advantage plans. An opportunity may exist since the government is paying Medicare Advantage plans significantly higher rates than their fee-for-service costs of business and there should be keen competition to gain this business. The addition of regional PPOs in 2006 should increase this competition and lead managed care plans to seek competitive advantages. The challenge is presenting the business case to Medicare Advantage plans to adopt dental benefits so that more elderly individuals in all regions of the country are able to obtain the benefits and the quality of life they desire. It would be beneficial to study existing Medicare plans with dental benefits in order to understand the economics and other drivers for adding dental benefits.
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Footnotes
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Dr. Compton is Chief Dental Officer, Delta Dental Plan of Massachusetts and is Lecturer in the Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Direct correspondence and requests for reprints to him at Delta Dental Plan of Massachusetts, 465 Medford St., Boston, MA 02129; 617-886-1016 phone; 617-886-1650 fax; rcompton{at}deltadentalma.com.
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- Medicare+Choice: payments exceed cost of fee-for-service benefits, adding billions to spending. GAO/HEHS-00-161. Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office, August 2000.
- Predicting how changes in Medicare’s payment rates would affect risk-sector enrollment and costs. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office, March 1997.
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- Biles B, Nicholas LH, Cooper BS. Issue brief: the cost of privatization—extra payments to Medicare Advantage plans, 2005 update. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, December 2004.
- 2003 data compendium (VI) providers/suppliers: Medicare benefit and premium summary Medicare+Choice coordinated care plans. Washington, DC: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2004.
- Data from the monthly managed care report, 1987–2002. Table 76. Washington, DC: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2003.
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- Medicare personal plan finder: out-of-pocket costs (OOPC) breakdown for Florida, southern. Washington, DC: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. At: www.medicare.gov/Compare Health Plan Options in Your Area. Accessed: September 13, 2004.
- Managed care digest series 2004: HMO-PPO/Medicare-Medicaid Digest. Vol. 8. Bridgewater, NJ: Aventis, 2004.
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- AARP dental plan. At: www.deltadentalins.com/aarp. Accessed: January 2005.
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